Anemone L. (incl. Hepatica Mill., Pulsatilla Mill.)
Molecular studies have dramatically changed the generic boundaries of Anemone. Several widely accepted genera like Hepatica Mill. and Pulsatilla Mill. were shown to be part of it (e.g. Hoot & al. 1994, Ehrendorfer & Samuel 2001, Schuettpelz & al. 2002, Hoot & al. 2012). If Hepatica and Pulsatilla were maintained as distinct genera, then others should also be segregated from Anemone, e.g. Anemonoides Mill. All native species and several of those introduced belong to Anemonoides, not to Anemone s.str. Contemporary western European floras have adopted this new taxonomy (e.g. Tison & de Foucault 2014 for France). It is, however, not uncontested especially since the morphologically very different genus Clematis also appears to be a member of Anemone s.l. (Lehtonen & al. 2016; also Mosyakin 2016).
In this broad circumscription Anemone counts ca. 150 species and is very widely distributed in Eurasia, East and South Africa, America, New Zealand, etc. (Mabberley 2008). It is particularly rich in China where more than 80 species occur, many of them endemic (Wang & al. 2001, Wang & Bartholomew 2001). Only three species are native in Belgium: Anemone nemorosa L., A. pulsatilla L. and A. ranunculoides L. (Lambinon & Verloove 2012). The genus, however, is very popular in horticulture and numerous species are grown as ornamentals. Useful accounts for the genus in cultivation in Europe are offered by, e.g., Jäger & al. (2008) and Brickell (2011). A valuable overview of the genus Hepatica is presented by Commichau (2007).
1 Leaves with 3 entire lobes. ‘Calyx’ present (i.e., outer whorl of perianth segments) entire and green, immediately below petaloid sepals === Anemone hepatica
Leaves palmately lobed or, if ternate, with margins toothed. ‘Calyx’ absent, all sepals petaloid and colored === 2
2 Stem branched and usually exceeding 50 cm in length. Leaves ternate with sharply toothed leaflets. Flowers several, in umbels, appearing in late summer or autumn === A. ×hybrida
Stem unbranched and low, not exceeding 30 cm. Leaves palmately lobed. Flowers solitary or very few, appearing in spring === 3
3 Styles much elongating at maturity (30-50 mm long), feathery. Sepals violet-purple (native) === A. pulsatilla
Styles not at all elongating, not feathery. Sepals white, yellow, pink, red or blue === 4
4 Sepals yellow (native) === A. ranunculoides
Sepals white, red, pink or blue, never yellow === 5
5 Achenes densely woolly, with hairs longer than the diameter of the achene. Anthers blue or blackish (except sometimes in white-flowered cultivars) === A. coronaria
Achenes glabrous or short hairy. Anthers yellow or whitish === 6
6 Sepals white or flushed with pink (rarely bluish), usually 6-7. Rhizome long creeping (native) === A. nemorosa
Sepals blue (rarely white), 8-14. Rhizomes tuberous === 7
7 Sepals pubescent outside. Fruiting head erect. Pedicels with +/- appressed hairs === A. apennina
Sepals glabrous outside. Fruiting head pendent. Pedicels with +/- patent hairs === A. blanda
Additional alien: Anemone sylvestris (C and E Eur., As., garden escape). This species was formerly seen in several different localities as an escape from or relic of cultivation. In at least one of these, in Vaux-sous-Chèvremont (Chaudfontaine), it was more or less naturalized between 1847 and 1863.
Literature:
Brickell C.D. (2011) Anemone and Pulsatilla. In: Cullen J. & al. (eds.), The European Garden Flora, vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press: 367-375.
Commichau M.A. (2007) Hepatica. Aktueller Überblick über die Gattung: 53 p. [available online at: http://www.alpine-peters.de/sortimente/hepatica/pdf/gattung_hepatica2007...
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Heath P.V. (1992) Commentary on the proposal to conserve Anemone Linné. Calyx 2: 152.
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