Revision of Papaver from Thu, 2013-10-03 08:07

Papaver L.

(excl. Meconopsis, Roemeria)

In its traditional circumscription Papaver is a genus of ca. 80 species (Mabberley 2008). Most are native to Europe, the Mediterranean area, Asia and western North America. Three species are accepted as native in Belgium (Lambinon & Verloove 2012) but they are, in fact, archaeophytes. Delimitation on morphological grounds of taxa of Papaver, Meconopsis and Roemeria is straightforward based on the distinction of capsule characteristics. However, molecular phylogenetic analyses (Kadereit and Sytsma, 1992; Kadereit et al., 1997, Carolan & al. 2006) demonstrated that Papaver is only monophyletic if Roemeria, Stylomecon heterophylla G. Taylor and Meconopsis cambrica are included in this genus. Moreover, some of the morphological characters that separate Papaver sect. Argemonidium (with P. argemone and P. hybridum) from the remainder of Papaver are shared with Roemeria. In fact, section Argemonidium is more closely related to Roemeria than it is to Papaver. Roemeria has previously been included in Papaver on morphological grounds (Günther 1975). Other authors tend to transfer species of Papaver sect. Argemonidium to Roemeria (Morales Torres & al. 1988, Kadereit & al. 2011). It is clear that the generic boundaries of Papaver are still insufficiently understood. Pending additional studies the genus is here accepted in a conservative way, relying exclusively on morphological features.

Numerous species of Papaver are cultivated as ornamentals. Useful and comprehensive accounts for Europe are provided by Cullen (1995e) and Jäger & al. (2008).

Non-native variants or closely related taxa of native species of Papaver might have been overlooked. White-flowered forms of Papaver dubium are sometimes encountered in road verges, possibly as a result of sowing. The exact identity of such plants requires further study but they possibly belong to Papaver dubium subsp. lecoqii var. albiflorum Besser (see Kubát 1980, Mowat & Kadereit 1993).

1       Annual, rosette leaves withered at anthesis === 2

         Biennial or perennial, with basal rosette at anthesis === 5

2       Leaves strongly glaucous, the upper more or less clasping stem. Petals most often mauve or white. Capsule (20-) 40-90 mm long. Filaments clavate === Papaver somniferum

         Leaves green or greyish green, not clasping stem. Petals normally reddish. Capsule at most 20 mm long. Filaments filiform or clavate === 3

3       Capsule glabrous. Filaments filiform, not broadened at apex (native) === P. dubium and P. rhoeas

         Capsule with stiff, patent hairs (at least in upper half). Filaments clavate at apex === 4

4       Capsule ca. as long as wide, subglobose === P. hybridum

         Capsule ca. twice as long as wide, oblong (native) === P. argemone

5       Petals 25-35 mm, orange. Anthers yellow. Stigmatic disk with 5-8 rays === P. atlanticum

         Petals 60-90 mm, reddish. Anthers violet. Stigmatic disk with 10-16 rays === P. setiferum

Literature:


Bernáth J. (ed.) (1998) Poppy: the genus Papaver. Medicinal and aromatic plants: industrial profiles. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam: XIV + 352 p.

Carolan J.C., Hook I.L.I., Chase M.W., Kadereit J.W. & Hodkinson T.R. (2006) Phylogenetics of Papaver and Related Genera Based on DNA Sequences from ITS Nuclear Ribosomal DNA and Plastid trnL Intron and trnL–F Intergenic Spacers. Annals of Botany 98(1): 141-155.

Cullen J. (1968) The genus Papaver in cultivation. 1. The wild species. Baileya 16: 73-91.

Cullen J. (1995) Papaver. In: Cullen J. & al. (eds.), The European Garden Flora, vol. 4. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 105-110.

Debnath H.S. & Nayar M.P. (1986) The Poppies of Indian Region. Flora of India (Series IV). Botanical Survey of India: VI + 192 p.

Egorova T.V. (1998) Genus Papaver L. (Papaveraceae) in flora Europae orientalis. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 31: 92-120.

Erhardt W. (1993) Mohn: einen Sommer lang. Gartenpraxis 19(1): 26-29.

Grey-Wilson C. (1993) Poppies. A guide to poppy family. Timber Press, Portland.

Günther K.F. (1975) Beiträge zur Morphologie und Verbreitung der Papaveraceae. Flora 164: 185-234, 393-436.

Jäger E.J., Ebel F., Hanelt P. & Müller G. (eds.) (2008) Rothmaler Band 5. Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Krautige Zier- und Nutzpflanzen. Springer Verlag, Berlin: 880 p.

Kadereit J.W. (1986a) A revision of Papaver L. sect. Papaver (Papaveraceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 1-16.

Kadereit J.W. (1986b) A revision of Papaver section Argemonidium. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44: 25-43.

Kadereit J.W. (1988a) Sectional affinities and geographical distribution in the genus Papaver L. (Papaveraceae). Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 63: 139-156.

Kadereit J.W. (1988b) A revision of Papaver L. section Rhoeadium Spach. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45: 225-286.

Kadereit J.W. (1990) Some suggestions on the geographical origin of the central, west and north European synanthropic species of Papaver L. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 103: 221-231.

Kadereit J.W. (1993a) Papaveraceae. In: Kubitzki K. & al. (eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants. Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag: 494-506.

Kadereit J.W. (1993b) A revision of Papaver sect. Meconidium. Edinburgh J. Bot. 50(2): 125-148.

Kadereit J.W. (1996) A revision of Papaver L. sects. Pilosa Prantl and Pseudopilosa M. Popov. ex Gunther (Papaveraceae). Edinburgh J. Bot. 53(3): 285-309.

Kadereit J.W. (1997) The genus Papaver L. in the Mediterranean area. Lagascalia 19: 83-92. [available online at: http://institucional.us.es/revistas/lagascalia/19/The%20genus%20Kadereit.pdf]

Kadereit J.W., Blattner F.R., Jork K. & Schwarzbach A. (1994) Phylogenetic analysis of the Papaveraceae s.l. (including Fumariaceae, Hypecoaceae, and Pteridophyllum) based on morphological characters. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik und Pflanzengeographie 116: 361-390.

Kadereit J.W., Blattner F.R., Jork K. & Schwarzbach A. (1995) The phylogeny of the Papaveraceae s.l.: Morphological, geographical and ecological implications. In: Jensen U. & Kadereit J.W. (eds.), Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 9: 133-145. 

Kadereit J.W., Jork K.B. & Schwarzbach A.E. (1997) The phylogeny of Papaver s.l.: Polyphyly or monophyly? Plant Systematics and Evolution 204: 75-98.

Kadereit J.W., Preston C.D. & Valtueña F.J. (2011) Is Welsh poppy, Meconopsis cambrica (L.) Vig. (Papaveraceae), truly a Meconopsis? New Journal of Botany 1(2): 80-87. [available online at: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/njb/2011/00000001/00000002/art00002]

Kadereit J.W. & Sytsma K.J. (1992) Disassembling Papaver: A restriction site analysis of chloroplast DNA. Nordic Journal of Botany 12: 205-217.

Karlsson T. (2001) Papaveraceae. In: Jonsell B. (ed.), Flora Nordica, vol. 2. The Bergius Foundation, Stockholm: 340-368.

Kiger R.W. (1973) Sectional nomenclature in Papaver L. Taxon 22: 579-582.

Kiger R.W. (1975) Papaver in North America north of Mexico. Rhodora 77: 410-422.

Kiger R.W. (1985) Revised sectional nomenclature in Papaver L. Taxon 34: 150-152.

Köhlein F. (2003) Mohn und Scheinmohn. Papaver, Meconopsis und andere Papaveraceae. Ulmer, Stuttgart: 192 p.

Kubát K. (1980) Bemerkungen zu einigen tschechoslowakischen Arten der Gattung Papaver. Preslia 52: 103-115.

Kubát K. (1997) Papaver. In: Hejný S. & Slavík B. (eds.), Kvĕtena České Republiky, vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Academia, Praha: 482-492.

Lambinon J. & Verloove F. (avec coll. Delvosalle L., Toussaint B., Geerinck D., Hoste I., Van Rossum F., Cornier B., Schumacker R., Vanderpoorten A. & Vannerom H.) (2012) Nouvelle Flore de la Belgique, du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, du Nord de la France et des Régions voisines (Ptéridophytes et Spermatophytes). Sixième édition. Jardin botanique national de Belgique, Meise: CXXXIX + 1195 p.

Lawalrée A (1956b) Papaveraceae. In: Robyns W. (ed.), Flore Générale de Belgique, vol. 2, fasc. 2. Jardin Botanique de l’Etat, Bruxelles: 121-140.

Mabberley D.J. (2008) Mabberley’s plant-book (3th ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: XVIII + 1021 p.

Mihalik E. (1998) Taxonomy. In: Bernáth J. (ed.), Poppy: the genus Papaver. Medicinal and aromatic plants: industrial profiles. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam: 7-47.

Morales Torres C., Mendoza Castellón R. & Romero García A.T. (1988) La posición sistemática de Papaver argemone Linterés evolutivo del orden Papaverales 1. Lagascalia 15 (Suppl.): 181-189. [available online at: http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=638812]

Mowat A.B. & Walters S.M. (1964, 1993 rev. by Kadereit J.W.) Papaver. In: Tutin T.G. & al. (eds.), Flora Europaea, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 247-250 (297-301).

Novák J. & Preininger V. (1987) Chemotaxonomic review of the genus Papaver. Preslia 59: 1-13.

Popov M.G. (1957) On the relationships and history of Papaver and Roemeria. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 42: 1389-1397.

Stace C. (2010) New flora of the British Isles, 3th ed.: XXXII + 1232 p. Cambridge University Press.

Van der Meijden R. (2005) Heukels’ Flora van Nederland (23e druk). Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen: 685 p.

Taxonomic name: 
Scratchpads developed and conceived by (alphabetical): Ed Baker, Katherine Bouton Alice Heaton Dimitris Koureas, Laurence Livermore, Dave Roberts, Simon Rycroft, Ben Scott, Vince Smith