Pinus pinaster
2. Pinus pinaster Ait. (syn.: P. maritima Lam.) (Eur.) – Locally planted for timber production (forestry) or in shelterbelts, usually on sandy soils. Most plantations are located in coastal areas and in the Kempen. Reported as self-sown from the Kempen but apparently very locally (for instance more or less becoming naturalised on the verge of a railway yard in Balen). Exceptionally escaping elsewhere, for instance in coastal dunes (Oostduinkerke, nature reserve Plaatsduinen, 2010) but possibly largely neglected elsewhere.
Pinus pinaster is considered to be an invasive species, for instance, in Great Britain (Richardson & Rejmánek 2004, Richardson 2006).
Selected references:
Petrova A.S., Vladimirov V. & Tashev A.N. (2017) The Maritime Pine, Pinus pinaster Aiton (Pinaceae), a naturalised Alien on the Bulgarien Black Sea Coast. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica Suppl. 9(9):33-38. [available online at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321306747_The_Maritime_Pine_Pin...
Richardson D.M. (2006) Pinus: a model group for unlocking the secrets of alien plant invasions? Preslia 78: 375-388.
Richardson D.M. & Rejmánek M. (2004) Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework. Diversity and Distributions 10(5-6): 321–331.